Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Abuse, And Side Effects

Anabolic Steroid Guide

A complete reference covering biology, usage, benefits, risks, regulations, and more

1. What are anabolic steroids?

Anabolic‑steroid drugs are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They share a similar chemical backbone but have been chemically altered to:

• Maximize “anabolic” (muscle‑building) effects
• Reduce “androgenic” (male‑characteristic) side‑effects

In short, they help you grow muscle mass faster than natural hormones alone would allow.

1.1 How do they work in the body?

1. Hormone binding – They enter cells and bind to intracellular androgen receptors.
2. Gene expression – The hormone‑receptor complex travels into the nucleus, where it activates specific genes that drive:
3. Protein synthesis (muscle growth)
4. Nitrogen retention
5. Red blood cell production (via erythropoietin stimulation)
6. Metabolic shifts – They can also influence insulin sensitivity and lipolysis.

1.2 What happens if you stop taking them?

• The body’s own hormone levels may drop, leading to a period of reduced muscle mass and decreased strength until natural testosterone production catches up.
• Some side effects (e.g., gynecomastia) might persist temporarily due to lingering estrogenic activity.
• Hormonal rebound can trigger mood swings or fatigue.

2. How Do Steroids Work?

Steroids (anabolic–androgenic steroids, AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone designed for:

1. Enhanced protein synthesis – by binding androgen receptors in muscle cells.
2. Reduced protein breakdown – via decreased ubiquitin‑proteasome activity.
3. Increased red blood cell production – improving oxygen delivery.
4. Glucose uptake – enhancing glycogen storage.

Mechanisms of Action